宋 国 恺 博士学位论文
指导教师：陆 学 艺 答辩日期2006年5月24日
社会学在中国的兴起与社会改良思想
内容摘要
社会学移植到中国既是西学东渐的产物，也是文化融合的产物。中日甲午战争的失败，使得中国面临亡国灭种的集体危机，因此通过救亡图存而实现民族独立的社会思想成为时代的主旋律。包括严复、梁启超等在内的晚清知识分子将目光投向西方的文明，试图寻求更为有效的救国途径，他们有选择地译介西方政治、经济、哲学等社会科学，希望能对启迪人们的思想，改变中国的现状发挥积极的作用，社会学就是在这样的背景下导入中国的。由孔德所创立的倡导秩序和进步原则的社会学不仅具有实证特点，同时与一种本质上属于社会改良的思想相联系。社会学的实证精神和改良思想与当时中国社会高涨的经世致用的实学思想不谋而合，使得社会学能够被移植到中国。严复译介斯宾塞的社会学，基本上经过了三个阶段：一是表现为中国传统文化原生态荀子的群（学）的思想，严复将社会学与中国传统本土资源贴切地结合起来，定名为群学；二是将斯宾塞的社会学直接纳入中国的文化话语体系和观念系统，强调中国需要合群、保群的强大的民族凝聚力，要求以群学治群，直接为中国社会现实服务；三是群学在中国传播开来后，斯宾塞意义上的社会学已经发生了转向，因为群学已不再表现为斯宾塞生物有机体意义上的社会学，而表现为强调心理和主观能动性的心理社会学。社会学不仅成为当时中国知识界学理的依据，同时也成为革命的理论依据。
通过发现和揭示社会学在中国兴起的原因和过程，以及社会学在中国不同阶段的发展变化，论文形成这样一个初步的认识，严复译介斯宾塞的社会学，并非是要引入和建立一门在中国本无的学问，而是出于急用实用和富国强国的需要。晚清中国知识分子主张通过渐进的、非暴力的、非革命的社会进化实现社会的进步，从而通过社会结构的转型实现制度和观念的变革。任何社会的变革，首先是民众的变革，因为民众的变革是自强之本。群学从中国本土“群”的逻辑里推理并发现了草根性力量，通过“新民”以培植人民的力量。这既是对人民力量的发现，也是对社会学倡导的社会变革思想认识的深化。群学作为一门学科，安排知识的秩序和结构与安排社会的秩序和结构是同构共生的。“社会学”一词代替“群学”尽管表明人们在社会理论认识上的重大分野，但丝毫不损及严复对当前勃兴的社会学本土化，乃至整个社会科学本土化运动所树立的经典范例。社会学研究从物质实体转向关系实在，进一步体现了严复将社会学定名为“群学”睿智与洞见。群学所具有的社会改良思想以及“群”的思想对20世纪30年代兴起的乡村建设运动产生了重要影响。研究社会学在中国的兴起及其所具有的社会变革的思想，不论对于中国社会学本土化，还是对当前中国正在进行的伟大社会改革，在理论上和实践上都具有深远的意义。
关键词： 群 群学 社会进化 社会学 社会改良
Abstract
Sociology in China was a result of not only the spread of the western civilization into China and the invasion of the Power, but an outcome of the fusion of different cultures. The failure of the war between China and Japan in 1894 turned the situation of China after the Opium War (1840-1842) into a critical crisis, and China faced a collective crisis. So the social thinking of saving the nation from the crisis and accomplishing national independence became the melody. Chinese intellectuals including YanFu，Liang Ch`i-ch`ao cast their eyes over the western civilization and tried seeking an effective approach to saving the nation. So they selectively translated and introduced social sciences such as Philosophy, Politics, Economics, etc., expecting to enlighten Chinese and to change the worsening situation in China. It was in this kind of background that Sociology was introduced into China. Auguste Comte`s Sociology with the goal of order and progress has the nature of positivism. What`s more, from the time of initiation, Sociology that connects with the thought of social reform in essence holds pursuing social reform by the means of advancing gradually. Therefore that nature of positivism of Sociology had the same view as "ShiXue" rising by coincidence at that time resulted in transplanting Sociology into China. That Herbert Spencer `s Sociology was translated into China experienced three stages: The first one indicated that it was a symbol that Sociology was named "QunXue" that resourced from Xunzi`s thoughts. The second one embodied that Sociology was incorporated into the system of Chinese cultural discourse and idea directly, emphasizing the importance of social integration and the cohesion of nation. The third one showed that the dividing line in understanding social theory.
Discovering and revealing the course and the reason about the rising of Sociology, and the different meanings about "QunXue" in different stages, the thesis comes to a brief conclusion: That YanFu translated and introduced Herbert Spencer `s Sociology did not mean to found a new subject that did not exist in China at all, but to be out of practical and urgent need in order to achieve the goal of enriching the country and strengthening the people. They held pursuing social reform by the means of advancing gradually, non-violence, non-revolution. Any social reform is to reform people first of all. They considered that it was an immediate task and the foundation of becoming stronger that Chinese should be innovated thoroughly. So from the logic of "Qun" they found the strength of Chinese and knew how to train it. It also displayed that they deepened the thought of social reform. As a subject, "QunXue" arranges the order and structure of knowledge synchronizing with the arrangement of that of society. That YanFu named Sociology as "QunXue" declared that YanFu set a good example of the movement of prevailing indigenization of sociology, even social sciences. That the object of sociological study turns from material substance to relationship reality embodies YanFu`s wisdom and foresight. "QunXue" and the thought of social reform produced an important influence on rural reconstruction movement in 1930s. Studying the rising of Sociology and the thought of social reform has significant meaning not only to the movement of prevailing indigenization of sociology, but to the great reform in progress in China currently theoretically and practically.
Key words: society "QunXue" social evolution sociology social reform
