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我国宜居城市问题研究

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李倩 博士学位论文

指导教师：傅崇兰 答辩日期2006年5月19日

我国宜居城市问题研究

中文摘要

我国从1997年城市化水平达到30%，进入了城市化快速发展的新时期，至2005年城市化率已达到42.99％，处于城市化发展“S”型曲线的中段。城市化伴随着工业化与现代化加速，城市日益成为社会发展的焦点。然而在高速发展的繁荣和成就下，也显露出一系列问题，一些城市特别是大城市、特大城市，由于过度膨胀而出现了诸如基础设施滞后、城市居住环境恶化等“城市病”，偏离了城市人居理想，城市的宜人居住性越来越受到关注。在2005年初国务院批复的《北京城市总体规划（2004－2020）》中，首次提出将宜居城市作为北京市发展的目标之一，正式将宜居城市的理念引入了城市规划领域。此后，社会各界对于宜居城市的概念、内涵和外延展开了广泛的讨论和研究，宜居城市已成为当前城市发展的热点问题。但是由于宜居城市是在城市化发展一定阶段提出的全新理念，国内外的相关研究基本还处于探索阶段，还没有形成一致的概念界定，相关理论体系也有待完善。

有鉴于此，本文通过回顾中西方居住环境理论的发展源流及脉络，力求把握人居环境发展的实质内核，并结合对公共住房政策、城市可持续发展的生态环境、新城建设、产业生态化等主要问题的深入研究，以及对宜居城市指标体系的尝试性构建，力图对宜居城市的概念和内涵进行较清晰地界定，并从必要基础、支撑系统以及实现途径方面对我国宜居城市的建设进行了深入研究，以期探索未来城市发展的方向。

全文共分为三大部分：

第一部分（第1－2章）首先论述了宜居城市提出的背景，对宜居城市的概念进行了尝试性界定，提出宜居城市是城市发展的目标，是城市的理想状态。宜居城市的概念是针对大城市城市化问题提出来的，是指在生存、生活的基础上实现经济社会的协调发展，提供城乡居民充分的发展机会。然后回顾了中西方人居理论的发展脉络：从乌托邦到太阳城到田园城市和光明城，到20世纪50年代道萨迪亚斯提出的人类聚居学，为了改善工业革命后恶化的城市人居环境，先驱们提出很多有益的设想；中国人居思想也是源远流长，从《周易》、《道德经》到康有为的《大同书》，从古代的天人合一思想到“人居环境科学”理论，包括了城市地理学、城市社会学、城市经济学等各个学科的内容。

第二部分（第3－6章）为宜居城市建设中的具体问题研究，首先论述了宜居城市的必要基础――“居者有其屋”，解决好“居”特别是城市低收入人群的居住问题是“宜居”的首要前提，本文通过分析我国公共住房状况，借鉴国际公共住房政策调节经验，提出通过政策调节，完善以经济适用房和廉租房为主体的城市公共住房体系，实现“居者有其屋”的目标。其次深入研究了可持续发展人居环境的概念和内涵，利用生态位理论和生态足迹分析法，构建可持续发展的宜居城市环境模式，形成宜居城市的生态支撑系统。最后从两个方面论述了大城市建设宜居城市的有效途径：新城建设和产业生态化，新城建设是大城市空间优化手段，能够通过对城市产业、功能布局的调整吸引人口和就业，形成大城市“多中心”的空间结构，达到疏散交通、降低居住密度的“宜居”目标；产业生态化是产业调整核心，能够在保护环境、节约资源的同时实现产业结构的升级和产业布局的调整，实现宜居城市环境保护和加快发展并举的目标，并以北京市“十一五”期间产业结构升级和产业布局调整为案例进行了实证分析。

第三部分（第7章）在简述国内学者相关研究的基础上，讨论了宜居城市指标体系的功能和构建原则，采用了范围法和目标法相结合的方法，将我国的宜居城市评价指标体系分为经济发展度、社会安定度、生活便捷度、资源环境承载力和文化支持力五个子系统，并将各子系统进一步细化为51个指标，形成一个由目标层、准则层、因素层和指标层构成的指标体系，最后运用主成分分析法对北京市2003－2005年的城市宜居度进行了计算和简要分析。

本文主要创新之处有：

一是在系统阐述中外人居理论和实践发展的基础上，对宜居城市理念提出的背景以及国内研究现状做了较为详尽的分析，提出宜居城市动态发展的观点，并对我国城市化发展现阶段宜居城市建设的概念和内涵进行了尝试性界定。

二是对宜居城市建设中的几个主要问题进行了较深入研究和实践分析，提出宜居城市建设的必要基础、支撑系统和实现途径，对城市公共住房政策和可持续发展的人居环境理论做了深入研究，强化了新城建设和产业生态化在宜居城市建设中的地位和作用。

三是从经济发展度、社会安定度、生活便捷度、资源环境承载力和文化支持力五大方面，探索性构建了一个由目标层、准则层、因素层和指标层构成的宜居城市评价指标体系，并运用主成分分析法对北京市2003－2005年的城市宜居度进行了计算和简要分析。

关键词：宜居城市、公共住房政策、可持续发展、新城建设、产业生态化、指标体系

ABSTRACT

Urbanization has reached 30% in China by 1997, entering a new phase of rapid development of urbanization. By 2005, the rate of urbanization has reached 42.99%, occupying the middle segment of the S-Curve of urbanization development. Urbanization, accompanying the acceleration of industrialization and modernization, has become the focus of social development. However, under the prosperity and accomplishment of rapid development, a series of problems have also been found. For instance, some big cities, especially some metropolitan cities, due to the over-bulging development, some “urban diseases” like lack of corresponding infrastructure, downgrading urban living environment, have diverged from the ideal of a humanized urban living, and thus the livability of a city has attracted more and more attention for research. In the Beijing General Urbanization Design Program (2004-2020) enacted by the State of National Affairs at the beginning of 2005, for the first time, a livable city has been become one of the goals of Beijing’s future development, and the notion of a livable city has become part of the urban design area. Afterwards, the concept, implications, and possible expansions of a livable city has become a widely discussed and researched topic for the society, and a livable city has become a hot topic for current urban development. However, as a livable city is a brand-new notion proposed when urbanization has reached a certain level, corresponding research both home and abroad has basically been in the explorative phase. Consistent concepts and relevant theoretical systems need to be established and perfected.

In lieu of above, through a retrospective review of the sources and streams of development of theories on living environment of both China and western countries, this paper has made an endeavor to grasp the essential core of living environment. Also, combined with a profound research on main issues of public living policy, the ecological environment for a sustainable city development, new city construction, industrial ecological development, and the attempt to build an index system for a livable city, this paper has tried to make a more clear delineation of the concepts and implications of a livable city, and has studied profoundly the building of China’s livable city, from the necessary foundations, support systems and realization schemes, so as to explore the direction of future city development.

This paper has three main parts:

The first main part, including Chapters 1 and 2, describes the background under which a livable city has been proposed, and makes an attempt to delineate the concept of a livable city. We propose that the goal of city development is a livable city, which is the ideal state of a city. The concept of a livable city has been proposed to solve some metropolitan problems, which is meant to realize a compatible social and economic development and to provide full development opportunities for city and country dwellers on the living and existence basis. From then on, we have made a retrospection on the stream of theory developments on living environment both in China and western nations: from the Utopian society to the solar city, to the farm cities and light cities, to the Clustering Living study as proposed by Diasee during the 1950s, which are all helpful suggestions proposed by our forerunners to improve the degrading urban living environment after the industrial revolution. In China, our Chinese forefathers have also put forward a lot of relevant theories, for instance, from “Zhou Yi”, and “Moral Principles” to Kang Youwei’s “Da Tong Book”, from the ancient idea of a compatible living between heavenly and earthly people, to the theory on “living environment science”, including fields like urban geography, urban sociology, urban economics, to name just a few.

The 2^nd part (Chapters 3 through 6), has conducted research on detailed problems encountered in the process of building a livable city. Firstly, the necessary foundation of a livable city, “everyone has a place to live”, which is to solve the problem of low-income groups, is the Number 1 precondition for a livable city. Through analysis on China’s public living conditions, and through experience of international policy adjustment on public living, this paper has proposed to realize the goal of “everyone has a place to live” by policy adjustment, perfecting the city public living system based on economy houses and cheap rental apartments. Secondly, a deep study has been conducted on the concepts and implications of a sustainable humanized city living environment, utilizing the ecological phase theory, and ecological footprint analysis method, to help construct an effective model for a livable city living environment and form a ecological support system for a livable city. Finally, from two perspectives, we have studied effective means to build a livable city, including new city building and industrial ecological construction, new city building, through adjustment in city industries and functional design, to attract population and stir job market, forming a “multi-centered” space structure for metropolitans, to reach the goal of traffic dispersion, population density reduction. We have also studied the problem from the perspective of industrial ecology, which could protect the environment, save resources while simultaneously upgrade industrial structures and adjust industrial design map, realizing the goal of environment protection of a livable city as well as an accelerated urban development. We have also conducted case studies on Beijing’s industrial structure upgrading and industrial design map during the “11^th Five-Year Periods”.

In the 3^rd part (Chapter 7), we discussed the functional and constructive principles of the index system for a livable city, based on a brief overview of relevant research by home scholars. We utilized the scope method and the goal method, dividing China’s index system for a livable city into five subsystems, including economic development degree, social stability degree, living comfort degree, resource support ability and cultural support capability. We further divided the five subsystems into 51 specified indexes, forming an index system composed of goal level, principle level, factor level, and index level. Finally, using the main component analysis method, we have computed and briefly analyzed the city livability degree of Beijing from 2004 to 2005.

The main new contributions of this paper are as follows:

Firstly, based on a systematic description of a humanized living theory and developments in reality both home and abroad, we have made a more detailed analysis of the background and current research conditions related to the notion of a livable city. We have proposed the idea of a dynamic development of a livable city, and make attempts to delineate the concepts and implications of China’s current city livability construction in the process of urbanization.

Secondly, we have conducted a more profound research and practical analysis on several main issues in the process of building a livable city. We have proposed the necessary foundation, supports system, and realization schemes to build a livable city. We have also deeply studied the city public living policies and a sustainable humanized living environment, strengthening the status and functions of new city building and industrial ecological construction in the process of building a livable city.

Thirdly, from five main perspectives, including economic development degree, social stability degree, living comfort degree, resource support ability and cultural support capability, we have explored and constructed an index evaluation system composed of goal level, principle level, factor level, and index level. We have also computed and briefly analyzed the city livability degree of Beijing from 2004 to 2005, based on the main component analysis method.

Key Words: Livable City, Public Living Policy, Sustainable Development, New City Construction, Industrial Ecological Development, Index System