代 堂 平 博士学位论文
指导教师:李 银 河 答辩日期2006年6月1日
监控与表达
——计划生育下乡的权力逻辑分析
内容摘要
权力是研究国家治理的核心概念。迄今为止,研究者们在讨论计划生育时总有意无意的回避了对权力的讨论。这妨碍了对许多重要现象的深入研究。
本文的基本问题是:在信息不透明的条件下,权力是如何运行的?
要分析权力的运行过程,就必须了解权力双方真正发生交锋的场景。在计划生育工作中,由于信息的不透明,监控与表达本应该是权力双方交锋的焦点。但是,村庄政治与目标管理责任制的结合导致了两个后果,第一,计划生育服务对象名单的确定;第二,人口计划与技术服务的分离。这使得对计划外怀孕和计划外生育事实的确认成为了双方斗争的新焦点,其结果是以“打政策的擦边球”为代表的强制力的出现。
在信息不透明的条件下,这种强制力能够自我强化。这就是本文所说的权力的逻辑。权力的逻辑的出现使得强制力失去了向其它形态的权力转换的可能性。
以信息的购买、重点户、寻求任务之间的平衡、统计做假为代表的权力技术为强制力的顺利实施提供了保障。它使得强制力跨越了监控与表达之间的对立,而得以直接面对单个的农民,使得基层计划生育管理部门的工作更为灵活。因此也为顺利完成各项目标创造了条件。
但是,这种权力实际上放弃了计划生育中最为重要的人口计划的管理。它是以非制度化的方式表现出来的。因此,它必然造成计划生育工作中的不平等现象,也不利于它向现代的公共权力的转型。权力运行的结果是一个恶性循环。
由于我国还缺乏“数目字上管理”的欲望和能力,再加上基层计划生育管理部门经济条件方面的限制,强制力有着顽强的生命力。权力逻辑的链条并没有因为上级的检查而被打碎。
文末,本文提出了基于信息公开的公共政策,期望能为克服现有的权力逻辑提供指导。
关键词: 计划生育 权力 信息 村庄政治
Abstract
Power is the central concept in the analysis for state governance. The ignorance of the power by the researches who discuss Family Planning prevents many valuable studies on important issues.
The basic question of this paper is: under the unclear information condition, how does the power of family planning operate?
To analyze the process of power, it is necessary to be familiarized with the real scene of confrontation for both sides. During family planning work, because of unclear information, supervision and expression ought to have been the focus of confrontation. The conjunction of village politics and goal management responsibility system results in two consequences: 1) the decision of the name list of service objects in Family Planning and 2) separation of population plans and technical services. The confirmation of pregnant and birth outside plan becomes the new focal point, which leads to the emergence of compelling force represented as "hitting the edge ball of policy".
Under the conditions of unclear information, the compelling force can move towards self-strengthening. Such movement is the power logic. The appearance of power logic makes compelling force lose the possibility of converting to other forms of power.
Power technologies, such as purchasing information, fixing on significant households, balance technique and statistical technique, provide safeguards to the smooth implementation of compelling force. That leads the compelling force to span the opposition of supervision and expression and face the individual farmer directly. Meanwhile, the works of basic family planning managing sections become more nimble. Also it creates conditions to achieve each goal.
In fact, this kind of power logic has no connection with population plan management, which is the most important in family planning execution. As a result, it necessarily brings about unfairness. On the other hand, it goes against power reforming to modern public authority. The functioning of power is a vicious circle.
Our country lacks the desire and ability of "managing in the figures". In addition, by reason of economical limitation of basic family planning managing sections, compelling force has great capability ability to survive; the power logic chain wasn't destroyed by higher authority's inspection.
At the end of this paper are added some thoughts of public policy based on the information open rule. The author hopes these efforts could do some help to overcome the existing power logic.
Key words: Family Planning Power Information Village Politics
目 录
导论... 1
第一节 问题的提出.. 1
一、人口学之谜 1
二、基本问题.. 2
第二节 研究意义.... 5
第三节 研究方法.... 6
第四节 个案选择.... 7
第五节 调查点基本情况........ 8
第一章 文献综述...... 12
第一节 权力....... 12
第二节 权力的运行. 14
第三节 计划生育中的权力..... 17
第二章 监控的边界.... 23
第一节 大转折..... 23
第二节 监控的边界. 28
第三节 监控的边界:进一步的讨论......... 31
第三章 村庄政治...... 34
第一节 村庄政治... 34
第二节 信息....... 38
第三节 表达....... 41
第四章 目标管理责任制 44
第一节 目标管理责任制....... 44
第二节 名单....... 46
第三节 相关资源... 49
第四节 人口计划与技术服务... 52
第五章 权力的逻辑.... 54
第一节 权力格局... 55
第二节 乡计生办的收支....... 57
第三节 社会抚养费返回款..... 59
第四节 和村干部搞好关系..... 61
第五节 打政策的擦边球....... 62
第六章 任务的完成.... 65
第一节 信息源..... 65
第二节 重点户..... 68
第三节 平衡....... 69
第四节 统计....... 71
第七章 上级.. 74
第一节 上级....... 74
第二节 迎检....... 75
第三节 新的可能性. 78
第八章 小结.. 83
第一节 权力....... 83
第二节 阳光下的公共政策..... 85
注 释...... 88
参考文献 100