论 文 摘 要
    改革开放20多年来，随着中国经济的高速增长和经济体制的转轨，收入差距问题日益成为政府、学术界和公众所关心的焦点问题。经济学研究更多的是从分析收入差距变化趋势的角度入手，而社会学研究是把收入差距放在社会分层研究的大背景之下进行。本论文以劳动力市场分割理论和工作结构理论为依据，利用“2001年中国社会结构变迁调查”的数据，运用百分数位回归等新的分析方法，研究了劳动力市场结构、教育、性别、内部劳动力市场、非农化和主观幸福感等诸多因素与收入差距之间的关系。
    本论文的研究结果显示：（1）所有制结构、职业结构、产业结构、区域结构、城乡结构等工作结构差异，对不同收入水平的社会群体的影响是有所不同的。劳动力市场结构对城镇劳动力收入的影响比较明显。人力资本是对城镇劳动力收入贡献最多的因素，而对农村劳动力的解释力却非常有限，这体现了中国劳动力市场发展的不平衡。（2）私营三资等市场化程度的单位，收入要高于国有单位，而集体所有制单位收入却低于国有单位。（3）相同教育水平的人，其教育收益率并不是平均分布的。城镇教育收益率随着收入分布（从低到高）逐渐降低，这与发达国家的情况有很大差别。（4）就平均来看，私营个体三资单位的性别收入差距最小，集体所有制单位的性别收入差距最大，国有单位介于两者之间。集体所有制单位的收入歧视程度最高，私营个体三资单位最低，国有单位介于这两者之间。（5）在私营个体三资单位中，内部劳动力市场的效应更加明显，管理者地位和内部管理层级对收入的贡献率要远远超过国有、集体单位。在国有、集体单位中，对收入影响最大的还是人力资本。（6）是否从事非农业的生产经营活动，对农村劳动力收入的影响非常显著；税费、人均承包地、人均种粮收入等约束条件对于农村劳动力的从业选择均呈现刚性。（7）对于过去5年生活状况变化的主观幸福感受，农村的人群要比城市的人群更多地感到生活状况变好。西部的人群要比东部的更多地感到生活状况变好。农村人群预期生活状况变好的可能性要高于城镇。
    本论文的研究结果显示，随着市场经济体制的不断完善和发展，计划经济体制下的工作单位分割和制度性分割的因素仍然在发生作用，但是市场化带来的工作结构变化对当代中国居民的收入差距产生了显著影响。收入差距拉大对中国经济社会发展产生的负面影响，需要政府决策层给予高度重视。

关键词：收入差距 劳动力市场 分割 工作结构

ABSTRACT

Since the Reform and Openness in 1978, rapid economic growth and economic transition have brought great influence on the social structure and living condition in China. Income Inequality has been gradually paid attention by government, academy and public opinion. The trends of income inequality was be analyzed usually from economic perspective. For the sociologists, income inequality was researched under the framework of social stratification. According to the labor market segmentation theory and work structure theory, using the data form China Social Transformation Survey in 2001, this dissertation analyzed the relationship between income inequality with labor market structure, education, gender, internal labor market, non-farm work and subjective happiness by means of quantile regression method.

From the analysis results of this dissertation, I found: (1) The structural difference among ownership, industries, occupation, region and urban-rural have different impacts on rich and poor. The structure of labor market is significantly on income inequality in Urban China, and human capital is the most contributive factor on income in urban China. However, the income inequality in Rural China is few to be explained by the structure of labor market, which proved the imbalance in the development of labor market in China. (2) The income level of those working in state-owned workplaces is higher than those in collective-owned, and lower than those in private workplaces. (3) The return of education is not distributed evenly in the same educational level. The return of education is reduced when income level increase, which is different from the developed countries. (4) On average, the income inequality between male and female is the smallest in private workplace, the biggest is in the collective-owned, and that in the state-owned is between them. The sex discrimination of income inequality in collective-owned workplaces is the biggest, the smallest is in private, and that in the state-owned is between them. (5) The effect of internal labor market is significant in the private workplaces. The authority of manager and internal hierarchical management contributed more to the income inequality than state-owned and collective-owned workplaces. The human capital is still the biggest contributor to income inequality in state-owned and collective-owned workplaces. (6) The non-farm jobs impact significantly on the income inequality of rural labor. The tax and fee, contracted land per capita and income from grain production per capita are inelastic to the choice of different jobs by farmers. (7) People in rural China feel more subjective happiness than those in Urban China, People in western region feel more than those in eastern region. People in Rural feel more expected subjective happiness in future five years than those in Urban China.  

From the analysis result in this dissertation, I found that the workplace segmentation and institutional segmentation in planning economy still play the important role during the market economy transition. However, the change of work structure brought by market development has already impacted significantly on the income inequality in China. The government should pay attention to the side effects brought by rising income inequality in China.

Keyword: income inequality, labor market, segmentation, work structure
目   录
第一章 导言.......................................................................................1
一、问题的提出.....................................................................................1
   二、收入差距的社会学和经济学解释视角...........................................3
 （一）社会学意义上的解释.............................................................................3
（二）经济学意义上的解释.............................................................................9
（三）社会学和经济学视角的比较..................................................................14
三、劳动力市场多重分割与工作结构－本论文理论研究视角............................14
（一）把劳动力市场纳入收入差距社会学研究的范畴............................................14
（二）劳动力市场的多重分割与收入差距................................................................15
（三）劳动力市场结构变化与发达国家收入差距的解释........................................17
（四）工作结构理论与收入差距................................................................................17
四、本论文的研究框架设计...........................................................................18
五、数据来源与研究方法.........................................................................20
（一） 数据来源................................................................................20
  （二）百分数回归分析方法.........................................................................20
六、论文的基本结构........................................................................................21
第二章 劳动力市场结构与收入差距....................................................................24
一、问题的提出.............................................................................................................24
二、 劳动力市场结构与分割的研究假设...................................................................24
三、 研究变量的设定...................................................................................................26
四、分析模型和数据.....................................................................................................27
（一）以回归分析为基础的收入分解方法...............................................................27
（二） 数据选取.......................................................................................................27
五、分析结果和发现.............................................................................28
（一）有关变量的统计性描述...........................................................28
（二） OLS回归结果...................................................................................28
（三）城镇劳动力收入的百分数位回归结果...........................................29
六、讨论......................................................................................................31
第三章 教育收益率与收入不平等.............................................................40
一、问题的提出......................................................................................40
二、研究假设.................................................................................................41
三、分析模型..............................................................................................42
（一）明瑟方程.........................................................................................................42
（二）变量选择........................................................................................................43
四、分析结果与发现....................................................................................43
      （一）OLS回归结果..............................................................................................43
（二）百分数位回归结果.............................................................................43
五、讨论.............................................................................................................44
第四章 所有制、歧视与性别收入差距...................................................53
一、问题的提出.........................................................................................53
二、研究假设.......................................................................................54
三、分析方法和模型...................................................................................55
（一）性别收入差距分解.........................................................................................55
（二）数据和变量..................................................................................................56
四、分析结果.......................................................................................................56
（一）就业部门对不同性别的收入决定...............................................................56
（二）Blinder-Oaxaca收入分解...............................................................................57
（三）百分数位回归结果..................................................................................57
五、讨论...................................................................................................................58
（一）市场化与性别收入差距：一个非一致性的结论.......................................58
（二）“所有制歧视”...........................................................................................59
（三）市场化的判定.............................................................................................59
（四）性别收入差距与歧视指数的一致性.........................................................60
第五章 内部劳动力市场与收入决定...................................................................72
一、 问题的提出..................................................................................72
二、研究假设....................................................................................73
三、研究变量和数据......................................................................75
四、 分析结果和发现........................................................................................75
五、讨论................................................................................................77
（一）内部结构对收入影响的差异.....................................................77
（二）所有制结构与内部劳动力市场............................................78
第六章 非农化与农村劳动力的收入分层.........................................................88
一、问题的提出....................................................................................88
二、研究假设.......................................................................................89
（一）迁移决策...............................................................................................89
（二）一个基于工作结构－风险的分析框架.........................................90
三、研究变量和模型.................................................................................92
（一） 数据和变量............................................................................................92
（二）研究模型.................................................................................................92
四、分析结果与发现................................................................................93
（一）风险偏好的选择.......................................................................................93
（二）收入差距..................................................................................................94
（三）收入分层................................................................................................95
五、讨论...............................................................................................96
第七章 收入差距与主观幸福感......................................................................106
一、问题的提出................................................................................................106
二、研究假设....................................................................................................107
三、分析模型和变量............................................................................108
四、分析结果....................................................................................................110
（一）主观幸福感..............................................................................................110
（二）预期主观幸福感..................................................................................112
五、讨论.................................................................................................113
第八章 收入差距对经济社会发展的影响........................................................127
一、收入差距对经济社会发展影响的理论和经验研究..............................127
   （一）收入差距对经济增长的影响.................................................................127
   （二）收入差距与社会冲突、政治不稳定...................................................128
        （三）收入差距与教育水平...........................................................129
        （四）收入差距与犯罪...............................................................................129
     二、当代中国收入差距对经济社会发展的影响.................................130
        （一）收入差距的认同.........................................................................130
        （二）公平与效率...........................................................................131
        （三）走出贫困循环...........................................................................132
        （四）防止“拉美化”的陷阱....................................................................132
        （五）构建和谐社会中的收入差距.....................................................133
结语............................................................................................................138
一、主要结论和创新点.......................................................................................138
二、研究的政策含义.............................................................................................140
三、论文的局限和未来的研究方向.................................................................141
参考文献..................................................................................142
致谢..........................................................................165
附件（调查问卷）.......................................................................166