论 文 摘 要
    作为我国现代化建设的重要组成部分，农民和农村的现代化问题一直受到人们关注。近年来，对三农问题的探讨更是成为社会各界的一个研究热点。对农民和农村的认识离不开对家族的了解。家族是我国传统农村社会的重要组织，在数千年的历史发展中，曾经对农村社会的运行起着重要作用，并在农民的生活中占据中心地位。新中国成立后，家族由于被视为封建的落后的东西而遭到前所未有的打击，从而在农村社会一度“销声匿迹”。1980年代后，在我国农村社会发生一系列经济和政治变革的同时，家族活动又趋于活跃，家族重新回归到农民的生活世界之中。面对这一重大社会事实，人们对家族进行了新的思考，对家族复兴的原因及其社会影响，以及家族与现代化的关系等问题展开了研究。
    如何认识我国现代化进程中的家族现象？这不仅是一个理论问题，更是一个实践问题。作为一种历史久远的世系群组织，家族在现代条件下如何演变和发展，相对于传统的家族而言，当今的家族发生了何种变化？变化的原因是什么？它的生命力如何？对这些问题的思考构成了本文的研究主旨。
    为了更好地对当今农村家族的生存状态作出描述，初步探讨家族的生命力问题，本文选择了位于江西省龙南县的一个围屋里的客家家族为个案研究对象。围屋是客家人的一种独特民居形式，其最大特色是围屋里的居民皆为一个共同祖先的后代。笔者认为，围屋里的家族曾经具有完整的结构形态，家族传统较为深厚，适合于作为考察家族变迁与现状的对象。本文从生产与生活、婚姻与家庭、家族活动与村治几个方面入手，以现象学社会学等理论为工具，对围屋里家族成员的日常生活世界进行描述和分析，侧重于从家族成员赋予自己行动的意义、从较微观的层面透视家族如何在农民的日常生活实践中传承演变，从中分析家族的结构功能变化及其内在动力，进而说明家族的生命力问题。
    通过对个案家族的田野调查和分析，本文认为，随着我国现代化进程的推进，处于社会转型中的家族正在发生一系列嬗变，当今的家族无论在结构上还是功能上都和传统家族有了明显区别，主要表现为家族结构化程度的降低，经济和政治功能的弱化以及社会和文化功能的加强。在家族的嬗变过程中，呈现出两种趋势，一方面，随着社会生产力的发展、工业化和城市化的推进，家族的生存不可避免地受到影响，在某些方面表现出弱化的趋势，主要为父权的式微，族权对族人控制力的软弱无力，家庭由父子轴向夫妻轴的转变，部分农民家族观念的淡化等。但另一方面，在现有的社会经济条件下，家族又表现出对变化了的社会环境的较强适应性，努力拓展生存空间以延续其生命历程。同时，农民对家族的某种依赖和需要，如生产和生活中的互助、心理上的认同、传统习俗的沿袭以及某些利益上的驱动，使得家族的影响和作用在农民的日常生活中几乎无处不在，家族仍是当今农民生活世界中的一个重要组成部分，具有其存在的合理性，从而表现为较强的生命力。

关键词： 家族  客家  围屋  社会转型   生命力 
 
Abstract

As an important component of the modernization construction in China, the modernization  issue of peasants and rural areas has gained much attention. In recent years, the issue of  SanNong has been a research hotspot in our society. We cannot understand peasants well without understanding clan. Clan is an important organization in China’s traditional rural society, it has played an important role in the moving of rural society and become the circle of peasants’  life-world along thousands of years. After the foundation of New China, for the reason that clan has been regarded as being feudatorial and behindhand , it has been severely shocked and “disappeared” in rural society. From 1980 on, with series of economic and political change in rural areas, clan activities flourished and clan returned to peasant’s life. Facing this great social fact, people began to reconsider it, analyzising clan’s revival and its influences on our society and the relationship between clan and modernization.
How to understand the clan phenomena in the process of our country’s modernization? It is not only a theoretic issue but also a practical one. As a decent group with long history, how clan changes and develops in the modern condition, which aspect has changed comparing with the traditional clan. What is the reason? How is its vitality? All the consideration of these questions composes the theme of this dissertation.
For better description and study of survive state and vitality of present clan in rural areas, this dissertation chooses a Hakka’s clan within a Weiwu, locating in Longnan County, Jiangxi Province, as a case study object, Weiwu is a unique architectural form of Hakka, within which live all the offspring from one ancestor. The author believes, the clan within the Weiwu had full configuration and profound clan tradition, so it is suitable as a survey object. This paper focuses on production and life, marriage and family, clan activities and country administration three aspects, employing phenomenological sociology and other theoretic tools, giving a description and analysis of everyday life of the clan’s members, paying attention to the meaning of member’s behavior, analyzising how the clan changes in the peasants’ everyday life from a microcosmic perspective. Thereby we study the change of the clan’s construction and function to explain the issue of clan’s vitality.
Upon the analysis of fieldwork, this paper concludes that clan has been changed along the development of China’s modernization, the clan nowadays is very different from that in the past either in construction or function. They are the reduction of configuration, weakening of clan’s economic and political function, and strengthening of the social and cultural function. In the process of the change, there are two trends, on one hand, with the development of social productivity, industrialization and citilization, clan has been greatly influenced and become weakened in some respects, such as the decline of patriarchy, the less control on the members of the clan power, the turning from father-son to husband-wife in family relationship, the casual attitude toward clan of some people. But on the other hand, on today’s social and economic 
conditions, clan shows its strong adaptive ability to the changing situation, trying its best to exploit living space for surviving. At the same time, peasants’ needs and relying on clan, such as mutual help in production and dailylife, psychologically identity, follow of traditional custom, and drive of some interests, makes clan’s influence on the everyday life of peasants everywhere, therefore, clan is still an important component in present peasants’ everyday life and has its 
rationality and strong vitality.

Key Words:  clan;  Hakka;  Weiwu;  social transformation;  vitality

 
                目       录
 
第一章  导论 1
第一节  问题缘起 1
一、选题由来 1
二、个案选择 2
第二节  研究意义 4
一、理论意义 5
二、现实意义 5
第三节  研究方法 6
一、概念界定 6
二、理论准备 7
三、村庄进入与资料收集 11
第四节  文献综述 14
一、关于中国家族的研究 14
二、关于客家家族的研究 19
第二章  调查对象的基本情况 22
第一节  赣南客家与围屋 22
一、赣南客家 22
二、赣南围屋 24
第二节  安心围 26
一、安心围简介 26
二、自然环境 30
三、聚落状况 32
第三章 生产与生活 36
第一节 生产与消费 36
一、村民生计 36
二、外出务工 39
三、消费状况 41
第二节 交往、互助与冲突 45
一、日常交往 45
二、互助 47
三、冲突与调解 50
第三节 习俗与信仰 54
一、岁时习俗 54
二、神灵信仰 58
第四章  婚姻与家庭 62
第一节  婚姻与生育 62
一、择偶 62
二、婚姻 66
三、生育 71
第二节  家庭结构与家庭关系 75
一、家庭结构 75
二、家庭关系 79
 
第三节  家庭养老 87
一、传统孝道 88
二、养老现状 89
三、仪式活动 90
第五章  家族活动与村治 94
第一节  家族活动 94
一、重修族谱 94
二、祭祖活动 98
三、新丁酒会 99
第二节 村治中的家族 102
一、村民选举 102
二、村政治理 105
第六章  结语 109
一、安心围家族生存现状概观 109
二、家族的结构功能变化 111
三、关于家族生命力问题 112
附录： 115
1 统修谱序 115
2 桃川赖氏统修族谱凡例 115
3 统修族谱乐捐芳名 116
4 联修族谱公开信 117
5 有关图片 119
参考文献 120
中文文献： 120
论文 120
专著 121
西文文献 125
后记 126