论 文 摘 要
    城市居住区空间是城市社会空间的一个重要组成部分。因社会阶层收入的不同而形成城市居住区空间分化是客观的，如何兼顾到社会公平与避免居住空间的社会阶层“隔离”与“歧视”现象，不但是发达国家、也是现代中国城市社会面临的一个主要理论与实践问题。
   论文围绕着“城市居住区空间结构模式演化”为主线来展开，中心思想是：无论在城市发展的那个历史时期，城市居住区空间既是一种“地理空间”，同时也是一种“社会空间”，前者是外表形式，而后者是内在实质，城市居住区空间的“分化”现象是城市社会等级结构的外在体现，实质上是人与人以及社会群体之间关系的反映，从而形成“社会空间统一体”。
    论文主要从空间分布的角度出发，分析与归纳不同时期城市居住区结构特点与模式。内容共有八章，主要分成以下几大部分：
    第一部分，包括论文的前四章，属于理论分析部分。首先是有关城市居住区空间研究理论流派的产生背景以及其主要观点的介绍、存在问题的分析；其次是城市居住区空间结构相关概念的内涵与界定，指出发达国家与发展中国家城市居住区空间范围的不同，城市与郊区关系的不同；再次是影响城市居住区空间结构的“生态因子”分析，这些因子是“人口因素”、“城市化阶段”、“产业结构”与“职业构成”、“环境”与“交通技术”、“社会心理”、“民族文化”，以及“国家政策”等，各种因子在各个历史阶段所起作用的不同；最后指出中西方城市居住区空间分化的动力机制的差异性。
    第二部分，为论文的第五章，是前工业时期城市居住区空间结构特征与模式分析的实证部分。首先，起源期城市居住区的分化主要体现为奴隶主与奴隶之间，在住宅规模、质量与舒适程度的不同，而地理空间上是“混居”型的空间结构模式。其次，“中世纪”城市，其居住区空间呈现“三大层次”的“镶嵌”式复合结构：第一层是舒伯格传统社会居住空间隔离与递变规律，即从城市中心区向城市边缘地带，居住着从贵族到贫民不同社会地位的群体；第二层是在第一层分异的基础之上，“叠加”上以“行会”为核心所形成的同业居住聚集区；第三层是在第二层的基础之上，又派生出的以“家庭”为基本单元的“生产”与“生活”垂直分异空间结构模式。而古代中国城市、特别是都城居住区空间结构具有很强的“个性”，皇权制度、封建伦理以及地理空间三者的高度统一，是其最主要的特征。
    第三部分，为论文的第六章，是现代西方国家城市居住区空间结构特征与模式分析的实证部分。“产业革命”以后，西方城市居住区空间结构产生了根本性的变化，“工厂”取代了原有“行会”与“家庭”，成为决定城市居住区空间分布的重要因素，形成围绕“工厂”进行居住区布局的基本形式。工业城市具有两大历史发展时期，早期工业城市，通勤性“郊区”尚未形成，居住区还停留在城市内部的有限分化上；“成熟期”的工业城市，通勤郊区开始形成，从城市中心到边缘，居住区的社会阶层等级分化明显，形成了少数富人住郊区、广大中产阶级住原有城市的分化格局。“二战”以后由于西方国家私人小汽车的普及，城市“中产阶级”产生了大规模“郊区化”运动，不同社会阶层在城市居住区空间上的分化与“隔离”程度进一步加剧。“后工业”时期的西方城市，其居住区空间结构已经从原来的城市中心区与郊区之间的分化，进一步转入郊区内部的分化，形成了“边缘城市”与“无边缘”城市等新型居住区空间类型。这时候的城市居住区空间结构形态从原来的“单中心”、“圈层状”大都市区，进一步演化为“多中心”、甚至“无中心”的“星系状”弥漫大都市区。
    第四部分，为论文的第七章，是新中国城市居住区空间结构特征与模式分析的实证部分。首先，分析新中国成立后城市居住区空间结构的总体特征与模式，由于片面强调城市的生产职能，所以整体上呈现出生产空间压制居住空间，这样的城市居住区空结构外部矛盾运动的历史时期；改革开放以后，这种外部矛盾运动虽然还继续存在，但是由于市场经济机制的引入，城市社会阶层的形成及其之间差异的不断扩大，城市社会不同阶层之间对城市有利区位空间资源的争夺日益激烈化，城市不同阶层之间的冲突这样的城市居住区空间结构的内部矛盾运动，日益成为当今中国城市空间结构的主要动力机制。其次，对北京、广州、西安等不同中国地带、城市职能类型的居住区空间实证进行了研究。   
    第五部分，论文总结
论文的创新之处主要有以下几方面：
    第一，系统地归纳与总结出人类社会城市居住区的各个阶段的空间模式。现在中国城市理论界在分析空间结构模式时，主要只是停留在伯吉斯的现代西方模式的运用上，这种模式不但与中国等发展中国家的实际情况完全相反，而且对于发达国家本身来讲，实际上也是以前其它模式演变的结果，但是这种客观存在的城市居住区空间结构的演化过程，以前国内外很少有人加以系统地归纳与总结。
    第二，虽然决定城市居住区分化与空间结构的主导因素是社会经济地位，但是这只能得出宏观层次的分化特点，而且产生了“千篇一律”的现象。论文开创性地强调“行会”与“家庭”因素对前工业时代、以及“工厂”对工业时代城市居住区空间形成的重要作用，这样就能更加深刻与具体地理解不同时期城市居区空间的分化特点以及其蕴含的内在社会结构因素，以及各个阶段模式之间的转化机制。
    第三，论文提出经济地位是的导致目前中国城市居住区空间分化的根本原因，同时指出中国快速城市化中城乡人口大规模迁移、民工收入低、工作不稳定、居住条件差加剧了城市居住区空间的分化现象，这是对城市居住区空间结构现状调查的创新研究。
    第四，认为中国城市居住区空间的扩展与演化，由于人多地少的基本国情，不能走美国没节制的郊区化城市居住区空间模式。

关键词：   城市   居住区   空间分化    模式    演化
Abstract
    Urban residential space is an important part of urban social space. It is a vital issue, theoretically and practically, to the urban society not only of the developed countries, but also of developing countries including China to maintain social equity and avoid social segregation.
    This thesis focus on the issue of “configuration and evolution in urban residential space” with its motif as follows: whatever phase a city is on urban space is both a “geographical space” and “social space” with the former to be exterior formation and the latter essentialness, which impart the differentiation of residential space to be incarnate of social stratum indicating human relation and that of social group as well, hence engender the “geo-social dialectic”.
    With its line of sight on spatial redistribution this thesis, annualizing and inducing urban residential model, have several main parts as follows:
    The first part, including chapter 1 to chapter 2, subjects to the theoretical analysis. Firstly introducing the modern theories on urban residential space; secondly, the concept and delimitation of urban, space and residential space etc, putting forwards that the urban residential range is different between developed and developing countries, and the relation of “center city” and suburbs is also different; thirdly, the ecological factors affecting urban residential configuration which are “population”, “urbanization stage”, “employment structure”, “environment”, “traffic technology”, “social psychology”, “culture”, and “state policy” which has its own role in different historical time; lastly, the differentiation in mechanism between Western countries and China.
    The second part, namely chapter 5, is the part of residential differentiation characteristics and mode of “pre-industrial city”. Firstly, the differentiation in residential space manifests itself between serf and the lord in terms of housing quality, size, and comfort which results in “mixed ” residential configuration mode in geo-space. Secondly, The residential configuration of the “pre-industrial” cities especially those of “middle ages ”, impart their complex structure of “mosaic” in three different levels: firstly, the traditional human residential configuration model suggested by Gideon Sjoberg in which with the aristocrat living in city center, the impoverished in the edge of city, the social-economic status decrease stepwise from city center to fringe; Secondly, based on the first level mentioned above there superimposed the residential sub-areas of the same trade with the vital mechanism of their guild respectively; Thirdly, there derived a residential formation model of vertical section in which “household ” constitutes the fundamental units which having the “production” and “living” in the same roof. As for the pre-industrial Chinese cities especially those of the Capital, there are signification in their individuality: the traditional residential formation reflects the highly consolidation amongst imperial power, feudal ethic, and geo-space.
The third part, namely chapter 6, is the part of residential differentiation characteristics and mode of modern western society. After the “Industrial Revolution”, due to the substitution of both “guild” and “household” with “factory system” as the major element, the urban residential configuration transformed fundamentally with the newly style of surrounding the factory residentially. In the early industrial city, the differentiation of the urban residential configuration continued to be in the lines of traditional mode of Gideon Sjoberg’s and to a rather limited extent within the “central city”. In the mature industrial city, suburbs have a full shape engendering Burgess’ modern residential model in which the rich living in the suburbs and the majority of the middle class living in the “center city”. In the “mature” stage of industrial city, commuting suburbs take their forms which engenders the enlargement of residential segregation in the ways of the minority rich living in outer suburbs, the majority of the middle class living in “central city”. After the Second World War due to the popularization of private car the vast suburbanization of middle class take its form that lead to exacerbation of urban residential segregation. The residential configuration in the “post-industrial” Western city, with the transformation from the stage of differentiation between “center city ” and suburbs to that of suburbs, result in the newly formed “edge city” and “edgeless city”. Hence, by the substitution of  former both “mono-centered” and “quoit-like ” metropolitan with the “multi-centered” or even “non-centered” metropolitan, the whole residential configuration of the modern Western society take its new shape.
The fourth part, namely chapter 7, is the part of residential differentiation characteristics and mode of Chinese residential configuration and mode after the republic has established. Firstly, due to the over-emphasized production role of city, there existed the city residential conflict between economic space and that of residential with the former overwhelmed, condition, and jeopardize the latter. After the age of “open-door ” policy and as a result of market economy, the conflict between different social group for the residential space worsened. Secondly, analyzing the residential differentiation instance in major cities such as Beijing , Guangzhou, Xian, and Nanjing .
The fifth part is the conclusion.
Creative viewpoint:
Firstly, summing up systematically the urban residential mode in each of urban development stage which the researches from both China and abroad seldom deal with.
Secondly, emphasizing the vital role of “guild ”and “family” to the formation of urban residential mode of pre-industrial cities and, that of “factory” to those of modern industrial cities, by the means of which we can have a deeper understanding the urban differentiation geographically, socially, and economically.
Thirdly, emphasizing the vital role of the element of economic status in the both formation and evolution of urban residential differentiation in modern China, in addition suggesting that it is the vast amount of population transfer from rural area to city, the much less amount of salary to the peasant worker, the insecurity of job, and the worsening conditions of housing etc, that worsening the differentiation and segregation in nowadays China’s urban society.
Fourthly, suggesting due to the specific situation of China in terms of vast amount of population, much limited land resource etc, the future urban residential evolution should avoid the mode of unchecked sprawling suburbanization happened in America.

Key Words:   urban,   residential area,   differentiation,   model,   evolution    
 

《城市居住区空间结构模式的演变》

第一章    绪论 1
第一节  论文选题的背景介绍 1
第二节  论文研究的意义 2
第三节  论文的主要内容与章节安排 3

第二章    城市居住区空间结构理论体系研究综述 4
第一节  城市居住区空间结构理论体系形成的历史背景 4
第二节  城市居住区空间结构理论体系简介 6
第三节  城市居住区空间结构理论的评价 17
第四节  中国城市居住区空间结构理论研究的现状 18

第三章    城市居住区空间结构相关概念的内涵与界定 22
第一节  “城市”与“空间”概念的内涵与界定 22
第二节  城市空间结构与城市居住区空间结构 26
第三节  城市居住区空间结构的三大古典理论模式 37

第四章  影响城市居住区空间结构特征与演变的因子分析 43
第一节 城市居住区空间结构的扩展 43
第二节  城市居住区空间的分异与极化 47
第三节  影响城市居住区空间结构特征的因子分析 50
第四节  城市居住区空间分异的动力机制 74

第五章  前工业时期城市居住区空间结构的特征与模式 77
第一节  古代城市的起源及其居住区空间结构的分化 77
第二节  中世纪城市居住区空间结构的特征与模式 83
第三节  传统中国城市居住区空间结构的特征与模式 98
第四节  产业革命以后城市居住空间结构的主要变化 117

第六章  现代西方国家城市居住区空间结构的主要特征与模式 122
第一节  影响现代西方国家城市居住区空间结构演化的城市化阶段分析 123
第二节  现代西方国家人口迁移及其居住区空间结构的转化 132
第三节  工业化时期西方国家城市居住区空间结构模式 139
第四节 “二战”以后西方国家城市居住区空间结构模式 160
第五节 “后工业”时期西方国家城市居住区空间结构的特征与模式 191

第七章  新中国城市居住区空间结构的主要特征与模式 203
第一节  新中国成立后城市居住区空间结构的总体特征与模式 203
第二节  新中国城市居住区空间结构主要特征与模式的实证 208
第三节  小结 225

第八章  人类社会城市居住区空间结构模式演变总结 227

主要参考文献 236